FOUR ARTICLES REVIEW OF SEMANTICS

  Hi readers, Now,  I would like to share you the greatest article about semantics. All of these article had shared by my friends from academia edu. And I am trying to review again.

(1).      DESI NORI SAHPUTRI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Theories of Semantics: Merits and Limitations

Searcher 1: Saleh Mustafa Ramadan

From         : Al-Zaytoonah Private University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.

Searcher 2: Taleb I. Ababneh

From         : Irbid National University- Jordan, Irbid, Jordan.

Pages        : 9

B.      Content

This article discuss about some of the well–known theories of meaning formulated in the last century. Mainly referential theory of meaning, non– referential theory of meaning and generative grammarian theory of meaning.

C.      Result/Finding

Meaning is the Relationship between Words and Objects

Greek philosophers say that the best way of indicating the meaning of a word is to refer to the object represented by that word.

Meaning is a Triangular Relationship

The symbol is the spoken or written word by picture; the reference is the information that the spoken or written shape of the word conveys to the reader/ hearer; and the referent is the thing or the object we talk about.

Bloomfield’s View of Meaning

Bloomfield (1933) said that the context of situation was an essential part of meaning, and the meaning of a linguistic form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the hearer.

The Non–Referential Theory of Meaning

The non–referential as suggested by its name doesn’t take into consideration the context of situations or the reference in determining what meaning is. There is a relationship between language and the outside world because language doesn’t exist in vacuum.

The Generative Grammarian Theory

This approach was based on the assumption that syntactic rules operate independently of meaning.

D.     Strength and Weakness

Strength : this article has many theories based on many experts. So it can convince the reader to use this article to get more their knowledge of semantic. Also, can make the reader more understand.

Weakness : this article just has few example. Actually readers more easy to understand with example rather than theory.

E.      Conclusion

The main principles of three well–known theories of meaning, namely the referential theory to meaning, the non–referential theory to meaning and the generative grammarian theory to meaning.

(2).      NABILA FIRDA ASY’ARI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Semantics and Theories of Semantics

Author      : Abbas Bukhari

Pages        : 15

B.      Content

This article told the meaning of semantics and the ways to solve the difficulties in the study of meaning And discussed the different aspect of meaning, some term and distinction in semantics.

C.      Result/ Findings

How is language organized in order to be meaningful? This is the question we ask and attempt to answer at the level of semantics. Semantics is that level of linguistic analysis where meaning is analyzed. Meaning is related very closely to the human capacity to think logically and to understand. So when we try to analyze meaning, we are trying to analyse our own capacity to think and understand, our own ability to create meaning.

Meaning can be any of the following:

1. An intrinsic property of some thing

2. Other words related to that word in a dictionary

3. The connotations of a word

4. The thing to which the speaker of that word refers

5. The thing to which the speaker of that word should refer

6. The thing to which the speaker of that word believes himself to be referring

7. The thing to which the hearer of that word believes is being referred to.

D.     Strength and Weakness

Strength : this article served with complete the explanation, theories, and many examples of semantics. It can make the readers easier to understand.

Weakness :to much word in this article. So, i had got confused about this article.

E.      Conclusion

The problem of ‘meaning’ is quite difficult; it is because of its toughness that some linguists went on to the extent of excluding semantics from linguistics. When we talk about meaning, we are talking about the ability of human beings to understand one another when they speak. This ability is to some extent connected with grammar. Also, The sound patterns of language are studied at the level of phonology and the organization of words and sentences is studied at the level of morphology and syntax.

(3).      SUSI LESTARI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Frame semantics a brief introduction

Author      : Diego Gavagna

From         : Aarhus University, 2013

Pages        : 12

B.      Content

This article give a comprehensive explanation on how meanings are structured and associated to words in a semantic structure. Then, how these provide access to our conceptual system, and the inventory of structured knowledge that we use to navigate the world.  It describes the relation between words that cannot just be ascribed to structural semantic relations like hyponymy, synonymy or antonym and the interdependencies between words based on background knowledge that humans acquire through experience and store in long-term memory.

C.      Result/Findings

Frame semantics can be thought of as the effort to understand what reason a speech community might have found for creating the category represented by the word, and to explain the word’s meaning by presenting and clarifying that reason.

From these word, beside the systemic interrelations between words and between the respective underlying concepts, emerges one further characteristic of frame semantics, namely, that knowledge is grounded in human interaction with others and with the world. Thus, frames are prior expectations and knowledge about the world that is the whole time strengthen, weakened and transformed according to the information our brain receives from the perceptive senses. 

So that boy would be defined as [human], [male], [young]. girl would be described as [human],[minus male], [young].The necessary and sufficient condition for it would be [human],[male], [adult], [minus married]. However this definition would include as bachelor also the Pope, proving that the accuracy of the definition is strongly undermined. 

D.      Strength and Weakness

Strength : The interest thing in this article is Frame semantics. It served with clear example that can make us will be easy to understand.

Weakness: the author said his dissertation is can not be considered exhaustive, but he have tried to give described the main terms of the theory.

E.       Conclusion

Many other authors have developed this framework, including the remarkable attempt by Lakoff & Johnson in describing the concept of reframing in political discourse based on frame semantics’ approach and the role of metaphors and metonymy in natural languages. Lakoff’s approach is particularly interesting because it is not just an analytical framework but very much also a set of practical tools usable in everyday life. The important contribution is proposed by Fauconier and Turner describing the characteristics of mental spaces that pose the ground for blending theory.

(4).      ANNISA SEPTIANI

A.      Demograph

Title          : Modern Linguistics Semantics

Author      : Kate Kearns,Senior Lecturer, Department of Linguistics.

From         : University of Canterbury New Zealand.

Upload      : Pooja Saikia

B.      Content

This article concentrated on literal meaning, the content of word, and expressions which is fairly constant from one occasion of use to another. Also, this article discussed The kind of semantic/pragmatic.

C.      Result/Findings

This article present the kinds of meaning:

1.      Denotation and sense

The general point is that linguistic expressions are linked in virtue of their meaning to parts of the world around us, which is the basis of our use of language to convey information about reality. The denotation of an expression is the part of reality the expression is linked to.

The second way of giving the meaning of a word, commonly used in dictionaries, is to paraphrase it,

The most widely discussed form of the sense/denotation distinction is the means‘the blue train’ is to say that the French expression and the English expression have the same sense.sense/reference distinction. An expression which denotes just one individual is said to refer to that individual. Titles and proper names are common referring expressions

2.      Lexical and Structural Meaning

lexical meaning, which is the meaning of the individual words.

Structural meaning mainly comprises the meaning derived from the syntactic structure of an expression, for example: , which is the meaning of the way the words are combined.

3.      Categorematic expressions, which include the vast majority of words, are the descriptive words such as nouns, adjectives and verbs.

D.     Stregth and Weakness

Strength : this article served clear explanation and so deeper. So, you can know more about semantics by this article. Then, the example and tips from the author can help us to easier understand.

Weakness : this article does not clear explain some sub topic. It can make misunderstanding in the reader.

E.      Conclusion

.Semantics provides the literal meaning of the elements I, forget, past tense, the and paper. And many examples we can found there. This journal has been explain about meaning such as semantics,kind, semantics,lexical and structural meaning and etc.